Interesting topic.
I work as a sports med therapist week with paddlers in waka, kayak and multisports. These include NZ champions and age group world champions. Shoulder, forearm and wrist problems abound.
I have found that the key to injury-free paddling lies first in having a good technical coach and a training programme that has a healthy balance between stress and recovery.
Supporting these is getting the athlete's nutrition dead right and weekly deep tissue massage to prevent overuse wear becoming a hindering injury.
For example, deficiencies in zinc, manganese, iodine and selenium may set an athlete up for tendon and ligament disorders.
In Australia there is widespread exposure to heavy metals like lead and arsenic and these may show as ligament, tendon and joint problems. A lack of magnesium and pyridoxine will increase muscle tension and this will place stress on tendons.
A hair Tissue Mineral Analysis will determine any deficiencies/excesses and guide what to do about correcting matters; but be sure that you have it interpreted by a health professional who has training in using this tool and who knows how to interpret the test and apply it to the special needs of the athlete.
Deep tissue massage can break down and soften hardened, shortened ligaments and scarring. It will improve blood and fluid flow and reduce muscle tension. When done thoroughly and expertly the relief can be dramatic with significant progress usually seen by the third or fourth treatment session. Over here (Wellington NZ) I have paddlers who have been undergoing this kind of therapy just about every week for the last few years. These are the ones who train hard every week, pushing their limits while never losing a day because of overuse injury.
I have never had an athlete with musculoskeletal problems such as tennis elbow and carpal tunnel have to undergo cortisone shots or surgery when using the combination of nutrition, deep tissue massage, judicious rest and paddling technique appraisal. Seldom is an athlete required to have more than a few days off paddling when this combination of therapies is employed. Measures as simple as changing blades and altering shaft length can have dramatic benefits. All paddlers should seek video analysis of their style under the trained eye of a paddling coach.
Most physiotherapy, including ultrasound and acupuncture is ineffective, giving at most temporary relief. This is because the therapies employed may be little better than placebo in the best of circumstances, but mainly because the solution to paddling injuries like carpal tunnel are multifactoral (deep tissue massage, hair tissue analysis, coaching analysis and so on). There is no single solution that works on its own.
Surgery is a double-edged sword: While it may release pressure this surgery causes the formation of scar tissue and the enforced rest and immobility of the operated part causes muscle wasting and unwanted alteration of paddling form. These may cause further problems later on, as much as a year or so down the track. And it may be 6-12 weeks before the athlete is able to resume full-on training.
While I am not against surgical intervention, or cortisone shots, I am firmly of the opinion that these should be the last resorts, only to be employed once the conservative options have been totally exhausted. Currently, surgery and cortisone are too close to being the first intervention. This is getting the cart before the horse.
Often, when surgery is employed, I suspect that the enforced rest is what is giving most of the relief.
The All Blacks are looking good by the way.